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Fabrication/data falsification – making up research results and presenting them as true. The deliberate formulation of scientific theses based on non-existent or falsified research. Falsification is the alteration or omission of inconvenient research data. Falsification of research is perpetrated by an author who intentionally prepare an erroneous thesis that is based on falsified or fabricated data. Falsification can also be the result of negligence if the author failed to look for data that could disprove or verify the erroneous thesis.
Falsification of data, theses, opinions includes:
- Manipulating data or results (conclusions).
- Altering citations to suit one’s own research theory.
- Misrepresenting the original meaning of a source when quoting.
- Issuing a false review of doctoral dissertations, postdoctoral theses, applications for professorships and any applications for employment in scientific institutions, as well as research projects, and evading or refusing to give an opinion when the review, in the opinion of the reviewer, should be negative (https://www.prawo.pl/student/naukowcy-plagiat-i-falszerstwo-uderza-w-et…).